Blazar

Particle physics

Optics

Physics

Astronomy

Physical chemistry

Cherenkov Telescope Array

Chemistry

Neutrino

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

Scattering

Polarization (electrochemistry)

MAGIC (telescope)

Telescope

Polarimetry

Astrophysics

Spitzer Space Telescope

Cherenkov radiation

Polarimeter

Gamma ray

Detector

Galaxies

This review provides an overview of recent advances in multi-wavelength and multi-messenger observations of blazars, the current status of theoretical models for blazar emission, and prospects for future facilities. The discussion of observational results will focus on advances made possible through the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope and ground-based gamma-ray observatories (H.E.S.S., MAGIC, VERITAS), as well as the recent first evidence for a blazar being a source of IceCube neutrinos. The main focus of this review will be the discussion of our current theoretical understanding of blazar multi-wavelength and multi-messenger emission, in the spectral, time, and polarization domains. Future progress will be expected in particular through the development of the first X-ray polarimeter, IXPE, and the installation of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), both expected to become operational in the early to mid 2020s.

Progress in Multi-Wavelength and Multi-Messenger Observations of Blazars and Theoretical Challenges