Ion exchange

Chemistry

Pyrolysis

Engineering

Soil science

Heavy metals

Sewage treatment

Sewage sludge

Soil water

Organic chemistry

Pulp and paper industry

Biology

Cation-exchange capacity

Metal ions in aqueous solution

Environmental chemistry

Biomass (ecology)

Raw material

Agronomy

Adsorption

Metal

Environmental science

Chemical engineering

Biochar

Environmental engineering

Scientific Reports

Three different types of feedstocks and their biochars were used to remove Cr(III), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from a mixture of multiple heavy metals. The effect of the initial concentration of heavy metals in solution has been analysed, and kinetics modelling and a comparison of the adsorption capacity of such materials have been performed to elucidate the possible adsorption mechanisms. The results show that the adsorption capacity is dependent on the type of feedstock and on the pyrolysis conditions. The adsorption capacity of the biomass types is ranked as follows: FO (from sewage sludge)&gt;&gt; LO &gt; ZO (both from agriculture biomass waste)&gt;&gt; CO (from wood biomass waste). Biochars, which are the product of the pyrolysis of feedstocks, clearly improve the adsorption efficiency in the case of those derived from wood and agricultural biomasses. Complexation and cation exchange have been found to be the two main adsorption mechanisms in systems containing multiple heavy metals, with cation exchange being the most significant. The pore structure of biomass/biochar cannot be neglected when investigating the adsorption mechanism of each material. All the disposal biomasses presented here are good alternatives for heavy metal removal from wastewaters.

Comparison of biochars derived from different types of feedstock and their potential for heavy metal removal in multiple-metal solutions