Cardiac perforation complicating cardiac electrophysiology procedures: value of angiography and use of a closure device to avoid cardiac surgery

Computed tomography (CT) is used for the diagnosis of cardiac perforation (CP) although it has significant limitations. We report our experience with angiography to assist in the diagnosis and management of cardiac perforation during electrophysiology procedures. Patients with suspected CP after pacemaker lead insertion (temporary = 2, permanent = 2) or during epicardial mapping/ablation (n = 2) were included. All patients underwent initial...