Mechanisms of Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade: Why Does Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy Not Work for All Patients?

The emergence of immune checkpoint blockade therapies over the last decade has transformed cancer treatment in a wide range of tumor types. Unprecedented and durable clinical responses in difficult-to-treat cancer histologies have been observed. However, despite these promising long-term responses, the majority of patients fail to respond to immune checkpoint blockade, demonstrating primary resistance. Additionally, many of those who initially...