Gene

Virology

Antibody

Ecology

Immunology

Geography

Tick-borne disease

Ixodidae

Ixodes

Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Tick

Ixodes scapularis

Recombinant DNA

Biochemistry

Nymph

Biology

Vector (molecular biology)

Emerging infectious diseases

Most tickborne disease studies in the United States are conducted in low-intensity residential development and forested areas, leaving much unknown about urban infection risks. To understand Lyme disease risk in New York, New York, USA, we conducted tick surveys in 24 parks throughout all 5 boroughs and assessed how park connectivity and landscape composition contribute to Ixodes scapularis tick nymphal densities and Borrelia burgdorferi infection. We used circuit theory models to determine how parks differentially maintain landscape connectivity for white-tailed deer, the reproductive host for I. scapularis ticks. We found forested parks with vegetated buffers and increased connectivity had higher nymph densities, and the degree of park connectivity strongly determined B. burgdorferi nymphal infection prevalence. Our study challenges the perspective that tickborne disease risk is restricted to suburban and natural settings and emphasizes the need to understand how green space design affects vector and host communities in areas of emerging urban tickborne disease.

Enhancement of Risk for Lyme Disease by Landscape Connectivity, New York, New York, USA