Systemic therapy in the management of localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma: Current state and future perspectives

Systemic therapy strategies in the setting of localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma have continued to evolve in two directions: (i) as adjuvant therapy (to reduce the risk of recurrence or progression in high-risk localized groups); or (ii) as neoadjuvant therapy as a strategy to render primary renal tumors amenable to planned surgical resection in settings where radical resection or nephron-sparing surgery was not thought to be...