Thylakoid

Protein subunit

Gene

ATP synthase

ATP synthase gamma subunit

Biophysics

ATP hydrolysis

Enzyme

Chemistry

Cryo-electron microscopy

ATPase

Mitochondrion

Membrane

Protein structure

Biochemistry

F-ATPase

Chloroplast

Stereochemistry

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Biology

Electrochemical gradient

Annual Review of Biochemistry

F 1 F o ATP synthases produce most of the ATP in the cell. F-type ATP synthases have been investigated for more than 50 years, but a full understanding of their molecular mechanisms has become possible only with the recent structures of complete, functionally competent complexes determined by electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM). High-resolution cryo-EM structures offer a wealth of unexpected new insights. The catalytic F 1 head rotates with the central γ-subunit for the first part of each ATP-generating power stroke. Joint rotation is enabled by subunit δ/OSCP acting as a flexible hinge between F 1 and the peripheral stalk. Subunit a conducts protons to and from the c-ring rotor through two conserved aqueous channels. The channels are separated by ∼6 Å in the hydrophobic core of F o , resulting in a strong local field that generates torque to drive rotary catalysis in F 1 . The structure of the chloroplast F 1 F o complex explains how ATPase activity is turned off at night by a redox switch. Structures of mitochondrial ATP synthase dimers indicate how they shape the inner membrane cristae. The new cryo-EM structures complete our picture of the ATP synthases and reveal the unique mechanism by which they transform an electrochemical membrane potential into biologically useful chemical energy.

Structure and Mechanisms of F-Type ATP Synthases