Increasing the percutaneous absorption and follicular penetration of retinal by topical application of proretinal nanoparticles

Topical retinoids are frequently applied for therapeutic and cosmeceutical reasons although their bioavailability is low due to their chemical and photochemical instability. Moreover, skin irritation is a common side effect. Therefore, proretinal nanoparticles (PRN) as a novel formulation of topical retinoids, which are based on chitosan grafted with retinal through reversible linkage, were developed and their skin penetration behavior was...