Silicon photomultiplier

Full width at half maximum

Avalanche photodiode

Photomultiplier

Optics

Physics

Pathology

Paleontology

Photon

Scintillator

Alternative medicine

Context (archaeology)

Coincidence

Lyso-

Medicine

Cherenkov radiation

Biology

Detector

Physics in Medicine and Biology

Scintillator based radiation detectors readout by SiPMs successively break records in their reached time resolution. Nevertheless, new challenges in time of flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) and high energy physics are setting unmatched goals in the 10 ps range. Recently it was shown that high frequency (HF) readout of SiPMs significantly improves the measured single photon time resolution (SPTR), allowing to evaluate the intrinsic performance of large area devices; e.g. FBK NUV-HD SiPMs of [Formula: see text] mm2 area and 40 [Formula: see text]m single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) size achieve 90 ps FWHM. In TOF-PET such readout allows to lower the leading edge detection threshold, so that the fastest photons produced in the crystal can be utilized. This is of utmost importance if a high SPTR and prompt Cherenkov light generated by the hot-recoil electron upon 511 keV photo-absorption should improve timing. This paper shows that high-frequency bipolar transistor readout of state-of-the-art SiPMs coupled to high-performance scintillators can substantially improve the best achievable coincidence time resolution (CTR) in TOF-PET. In this context a CTR of 158 [Formula: see text] 3 ps FWHM with [Formula: see text] mm3 BGO crystals coupled to FBK SiPMs is achieved. This faint Cherenkov signal is as well present in standard LSO scintillators, which together with low SPTR values (<90 ps FWHM) improves the CTR of [Formula: see text] mm3 LSO:Ce:Ca coupled to FBK NUV-HD [Formula: see text] mm2 with 25 [Formula: see text]m SPAD size to 61 [Formula: see text] 2 ps FWHM using HF-electronics, as compared to 73 [Formula: see text] 2 ps when readout by the NINO front-end ASIC. When coupling the LSO:Ce:Ca crystals to FBK NUV-HD SiPMs of [Formula: see text] mm2 and 40 [Formula: see text]m SPAD size, using HF-electronics, a CTR of even 58 [Formula: see text] 3 ps for [Formula: see text] mm3 and 98 [Formula: see text] 3 ps for [Formula: see text] mm3 is achieved. This new experimental data will allow to further discuss the timing limits in scintillator-based detectors.

High-frequency SiPM readout advances measured coincidence time resolution limits in TOF-PET