Separation mechanisms of binary dye mixtures using a PVDF ultrafiltration membrane: Donnan effect and intermolecular interaction

This study aimed to explore the separation behaviors of various organic dyes across an ultrafiltration membrane. Herein, a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) layer was fabricated on a nonwoven support to form microporous membranes for separating dye solutions. Zwitterionic, cationic and anionic dyes in single and binary mixtures were tested for dye rejection, total organic carbon (TOC) rejection and filtrate permeance. The Donnan exclusion...