Psychiatry

Internal medicine

Engineering

Macroeconomics

Psychology

Economics

Physical therapy

Stroke recovery

Depression (economics)

Rehabilitation

Physical disability

Stroke (engine)

Mood

Clinical psychology

Medicine

Mechanical engineering

Meta-analysis

Physical medicine and rehabilitation

Journal of Affective Disorders

Depression after stroke is common and has been proposed to negatively affect disability by preventing optimal physical rehabilitation and recovery. However, the nature of this influence remains poorly understood. Here, we synthesise longitudinal studies to examine the hypotheses that depression after stroke (i) hampers physical rehabilitation, (ii) prevents functional improvement during recovery, and (iii) is associated with poor functional outcomes.A systematic literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed and Web of Science. A total of 5672 studies were screened; 28 met criteria for inclusion. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.Individual studies showed no consistent effects of depression post-stroke on (i) the effectiveness of physical rehabilitation and (ii) functional improvements during recovery. In contrast, random-effects models revealed that (iii) depression after stroke was associated with an increased risk for poor long-term disability (OR: 2.16, 95% CI 1.70-2.77). Overall, the quality of studies was moderate and there was evidence for publication bias.The number of included studies was small. There was considerable methodological heterogeneity between studies, prohibiting meta-analyses for all effects of interest. Few studies examined the influence of antidepressants.Depressed stroke patients are generally more disabled. However, depressed mood might not restrict improvements in physical disability during rehabilitation and recovery, although it seems to be linked to a delayed increase in the risk of poor functional outcome. High-quality evidence from longitudinal studies is needed to clarify the precise mechanisms and temporal dynamics underlying these associations.

Does depression after stroke negatively influence physical disability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies