Development of Motivational Variables and Self-Esteem During the School Career: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies

Theoretical approaches and empirical research suggest a decline in the levels of motivational variables and self-esteem among students during the school career. However, precise statements about the magnitude of the change remain elusive. Conducting a meta-analysis of 107 independent longitudinal studies with 912 effect sizes, we found an overall decrease of Glass’s Δ = −.108 over an average duration of 1.654 years. Change significantly differed...