Sociology

Pattern recognition (psychology)

Artificial intelligence

Cardiology

Political science

Facial expression

Programming language

Occlusion

Representation (politics)

Face (sociological concept)

Facial expression recognition

Facial recognition system

Computer vision

Social science

Computer science

Convolution (computer science)

Artificial neural network

Medicine

Convolutional neural network

Expression (computer science)

Politics

Discriminative model

IEEE Transactions on Image Processing

Facial expression recognition in the wild is challenging due to various un-constrained conditions. Although existing facial expression classifiers have been almost perfect on analyzing constrained frontal faces, they fail to perform well on partially occluded faces that are common in the wild. In this paper, we propose a Convolution Neutral Network with attention mechanism (ACNN) that can perceive the occlusion regions of the face and focus on the most discriminative unoccluded regions. ACNN is an end to end learning framework. It combines the multiple representations from facial regions of interest (ROIs). Each representation is weighed via a proposed Gate Unit that computes an adaptive weight from the region itself according to the unobstructed-ness and importance. Considering different RoIs, we introduce two versions of ACNN: patch based ACNN (pACNN) and global-local based ACNN (gACNN). pACNN only pays attention to local facial patches. gACNN integrates local representations at patch-level with global representation at image-level. The proposed ACNNs are evaluated on both real and synthetic occlusions, including a self-collected facial expression dataset with real-world occlusions (FED-RO), two largest in-the-wild facial expression datasets (RAF-DB and AffectNet) and their modifications with synthesized facial occlusions. Experimental results show that ACNNs improve the recognition accuracy on both the non-occluded faces and occluded faces. Visualization results demonstrate that, compared with the CNN without Gate Unit, ACNNs are capable of shifting the attention from the occluded patches to other related but unobstructed ones. ACNNs also outperform other state-of-the-art methods on several widely used in-the-lab facial expression datasets under the cross-dataset evaluation protocol.

Occlusion Aware Facial Expression Recognition Using CNN With Attention Mechanism