Global personal spirituality: Concept, measurement, and correlates across cultures

The present study introduces a scale measuring a universal trait Global Personal Spirituality (GPS), which is independent of a person’s religion or religious belief. A series of confirmatory factor analyses with progressively more restrictive constraints were carried out to assess the GPS scale’s measurement invariance using subjects who were 30 to 69 years of age, and were from China ( N = 453), Japan ( N = 314), Korea ( N = 350), and the...