Surface functionalization of 3D printed polymer scaffolds to augment stem cell response

Three-dimensional (3D) printing by material extrusion is being widely explored to prepare patient-specific scaffolds from biodegradable polyesters such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Although they provide the desired mechanical support, PLA scaffolds lack bioactivity to promote bone regeneration. The aim of this work was to develop a surface engineering approach for enhancing the osteogenic activity of 3D printed PLA scaffolds. Macro-porous PLA...