Macroeconomics

Ecology

Biology

Agroforestry

Abiotic component

Computer graphics (images)

Tree health

Economics

Microclimate

Computer science

Botany

Christmas tree

Business

Mathematics

Agronomy

Fruit tree

Environmental science

Mathematical analysis

Netting

Horticulture

Tree (set theory)

Orchard

Finance

Shading

Production (economics)

Scientia Horticulturae

Protected tree fruit cultivation using sustainable environmently-friendly practices is considered a promising alternative to meet the challenge of various biotic and abiotic stresses threatening fruit production under climate changes. Nowadays, nets are being globally used to protect the trees against harsh environmental conditions including hail, wind, excess sunlight and pests while improving tree health and enhancing fruit quality. Different types of nets including anti-hail, exclusion and photoselective nets have a different impact on the fruit tree response and production depending on their type, shading factor, mesh size, timing of display in the orchard and the netting system erected in the orchard. This review analyzes the effect of various types of nets on the microclimate, tree growth and management, fruit quality, diseases, disorders, economical insect pests and beneficial insects.

The use of nets for tree fruit crops and their impact on the production: A review