Physics

Nonlinear system

Soil water

Soil type

Mathematics

Penetration test

Statistics

Civil engineering

Engineering

Soil classification

Artificial intelligence

Soil science

Predictability

Subgrade

Geotechnical engineering

Computer science

Quantum mechanics

Environmental science

Artificial neural network

Soil map

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment

Soil types mapping and the spatial variation of soil classes are essential concerns in both geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. Because conventional soil mapping systems are time-consuming and costly, alternative quick and cheap but accurate methods need to be developed. In this paper, a new optimized multi-output generalized feed forward neural network (GFNN) structure using 58 piezocone penetration test points (CPTu) for producing a digital soil types map in the southwest of Sweden is developed. The introduced GFNN architecture is supported by a generalized shunting neuron (GSN) model computing unit to increase the capability of nonlinear boundaries of classified patterns. The comparison conducted between known soil type classification charts, CPTu interpreting procedures, and the outcomes of the GFNN model indicates acceptable accuracy in estimating complex soil types. The results show that the predictability of the GFNN system offers a valuable tool for the purpose of soil type pattern classifications and providing soil profiles.

An artificial neural network based model to predict spatial soil type distribution using piezocone penetration test data (CPTu)