Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to a myofibroblast phenotype in cardiac fibroblasts and is associated with autophagy after myocardial infarction in a mouse model

Cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) is involved in fibroblast transforming and differentiating into myofibroblast phenoconversion, however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated pathogen-associated molecular patterns are key factors that deteriorate cardiac remodelling after MI. Moreover, autophagy has dual roles in cell survival in myocardial tissues after MI. We evaluated the...