The Gut–Brain Axis and the Microbiome: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Background & AimsBased largely on results from preclinical studies, the concept of a brain gut microbiome axis has been established, mediating bidirectional communication between the gut, its microbiome, and the nervous system. Limited data obtained in human beings suggest that alterations in these interactions may play a role in several brain gut disorders.MethodsWe reviewed the preclinical and clinical literature related to the topic of brain...