Diffuse optical imaging

Fluorescence

Optical imaging

Tomographic reconstruction

Artificial intelligence

Functional imaging

Physics

Characterization (materials science)

Medical imaging

Biotechnology

Biology

Optics

Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy

Iterative reconstruction

Pixel

Optical tomography

Computer science

Radiology

Molecular imaging

In vivo

Light field

Medicine

Journal of Biomedical Optics

Diffuse optical imaging probes deep living tissue enabling structural, functional, metabolic, and molecular imaging. Recently, due to the availability of spatial light modulators, wide-field quantitative diffuse optical techniques have been implemented, which benefit greatly from structured light methodologies. Such implementations facilitate the quantification and characterization of depth-resolved optical and physiological properties of thick and deep tissue at fast acquisition speeds. We summarize the current state of work and applications in the three main techniques leveraging structured light: spatial frequency-domain imaging, optical tomography, and single-pixel imaging. The theory, measurement, and analysis of spatial frequency-domain imaging are described. Then, advanced theories, processing, and imaging systems are summarized. Preclinical and clinical applications on physiological measurements for guidance and diagnosis are summarized. General theory and method development of tomographic approaches as well as applications including fluorescence molecular tomography are introduced. Lastly, recent developments of single-pixel imaging methodologies and applications are reviewed.

Review of structured light in diffuse optical imaging