Trapped annular pressure caused by thermal expansion in oil and gas wells: A review of prediction approaches, risk assessment and mitigation strategies

Trapped annular pressure is caused by thermal expansion due to heat transfer and has become one of the serious challenges to well safety. In order to assess and mitigate this risk, this paper reviews the engineering background, prediction approaches, and mitigation measures for trapped annular pressure. It is well understood now that heat source and trapped space filled with liquid are the two basic preconditions for trapped annular pressure to...