Geodesy

Battery (electricity)

Routing (electronic design automation)

Quantum mechanics

Benchmark (surveying)

Voltage

Engineering

Aerospace engineering

Embedded system

Vehicle routing problem

Range (aeronautics)

Power (physics)

Computer science

Mathematical optimization

Electric vehicle

Physics

Mathematics

Geography

Driving range

Automotive engineering

Electrical engineering

Computers & Operations Research

The Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (EVRPTW) is an extension of the well-known VRPTW where electric vehicles (EVs) are used instead of internal combustion engine vehicles. An EV has a limited driving range due to its battery capacity and may need recharging to complete its route. Recharging can be made at any battery level and may be at any quantity up to the battery capacity. Furthermore, the stations may be equipped with chargers with different power supply, power voltage, maximum current options which affect the recharge duration. In this study, we model the EVRPTW by allowing partial recharges with three recharging configurations which can be referred to as normal, fast and super-fast recharges. In faster options, the battery is charged with the same energy in a shorter time but at a higher cost. Our objective is to minimize the total recharging cost while operating minimum number of vehicles. We formulated this problem as a mixed integer linear program and solved the small instances using CPLEX. To solve the larger problems, we develop a matheuristic approach which couples the Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) approach with an exact method. Our ALNS is equipped with various destroy-repair algorithms to efficiently explore the neighborhoods and uses CPLEX to strengthen the routes obtained. We carried out extensive experiments to investigate the benefits of fast recharges and test the performance of our algorithm using benchmark instances from the literature. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed matheuristic and demonstrate the benefits of fast chargers on the fleet size and energy costs.

A matheuristic method for the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and fast chargers