Pathology

Neuroscience

Disease

Dementia

Cognitive decline

Mathematics

Psychiatry

Orientation (vector space)

Cognition

Psychology

Working memory

Chemistry

Geometry

Spatial memory

Cognitive test

Biomarker

Alzheimer's disease

Biochemistry

Neuroimaging

Medicine

Episodic memory

Nature Reviews Neurology

Detection of incipient Alzheimer disease (AD) pathophysiology is critical to identify preclinical individuals and target potentially disease-modifying therapies towards them. Current neuroimaging and biomarker research is strongly focused in this direction, with the aim of establishing AD fingerprints to identify individuals at high risk of developing this disease. By contrast, cognitive fingerprints for incipient AD are virtually non-existent as diagnostics and outcomes measures are still focused on episodic memory deficits as the gold standard for AD, despite their low sensitivity and specificity for identifying at-risk individuals. This Review highlights a novel feature of cognitive evaluation for incipient AD by focusing on spatial navigation and orientation deficits, which are increasingly shown to be present in at-risk individuals. Importantly, the navigation system in the brain overlaps substantially with the regions affected by AD in both animal models and humans. Notably, spatial navigation has fewer verbal, cultural and educational biases than current cognitive tests and could enable a more uniform, global approach towards cognitive fingerprints of AD and better cognitive treatment outcome measures in future multicentre trials. The current Review appraises the available evidence for spatial navigation and/or orientation deficits in preclinical, prodromal and confirmed AD and identifies research gaps and future research priorities. This Review appraises the available evidence for spatial navigation and/or orientation deficits in preclinical, prodromal and confirmed Alzheimer disease with a focus on using spatial navigation as a diagnostic tool. Research gaps and future research priorities are also identified.

Spatial navigation deficits — overlooked cognitive marker for preclinical Alzheimer disease?