Etiology

Immune system

Gingival disease

Dental plaque

Internal medicine

Pathology

Immunology

Medicine

Dermatology

Dentistry

Gingivitis

Endocrine system

Hormone

Journal of Periodontology

While plaque‐induced gingivitis is one of the most common human inflammatory diseases, several non–plaque‐induced gingival diseases are less common but often of major significance for patients. The non–plaque‐induced gingival lesions are often manifestations of systemic conditions, but they may also represent pathologic changes limited to gingival tissues. A classification is proposed, based on the etiology of the lesions and includes: Genetic/Developmental disorders; Specific infections; Inflammatory and immune conditions and lesions; Reactive processes; Neoplasms; Endocrine, Nutritional and metabolic diseases; Traumatic lesions; and Gingival pigmentation.

Non–plaque‐induced gingival diseases