Steatosis

Hormone

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Gastroenterology

Disease

Endocrinology

Levothyroxine

Body mass index

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Euthyroid

Internal medicine

Fatty liver

Thyroid

Diabetes mellitus

Medicine

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Thyroid hormone (TH) increases β-oxidation of fatty acids and decreases intrahepatic lipid content (IHLC) in rodents with NAFLD. We investigated the possibility of low intrahepatic TH concentration in NAFLD and studied the effect of TH treatment in humans. This was a phase 2b single-arm study in six hospitals in Singapore. Intrahepatic thyroid hormone concentrations were measured in rats with induced NAFLD. Euthyroid patients with T2DM and steatosis measured by ultrasonography. Levothyroxine was titrated to reach a thyroid-stimulating hormone level of 0.34 to 1.70 mIU/L before a 16-week maintenance phase. The primary outcome measure was change in IHLC measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy after treatment. Twenty male patients were included in the per-protocol analysis [mean ± SD: age, 47.8 ± 7.8 years; body mass index (BMI), 30.9 ± 4.4 kg/m2; baseline IHLC, 13% ± 4%]. After treatment, IHLC was decreased 12% (±SEM, 26%) relative to baseline (absolute change, −2%; 95% CI, −3 to 0; P = 0.046). Small decreases in BMI (P = 0.044), visceral adipose tissue volume (P = 0.047), and subcutaneous adipose tissue volume (P = 0.045) were observed. No significant changes in glucose regulation or lipid profile occurred. This study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of low-dose TH therapy for NAFLD in men. TH or TH analogs may be beneficial for this condition.

Low-Dose Levothyroxine Reduces Intrahepatic Lipid Content in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and NAFLD