Through-the-thickness reinforcement for composite structures: A review

Three-dimensional preforms have been developed in order to remedy and minimize the out-of-plane damage caused by 2D structures. Several researches have been done on more complex structures which have more interesting mechanical characteristics through-the-thickness. A wide spectrum of 3D textile technologies encompassing weaving, knitting, stitching, z-pinning, tufting, etc. is used to manufacture through-the-thickness reinforced materials. This...