World Wide Web

Social psychology

Longitudinal study

The Internet

Electronic media

Developmental psychology

Computer science

Media use

Geology

Oceanography

Screen time

Psychology

Social media

Internal medicine

Medicine

Obesity

Baseline (sea)

Pathology

Multimedia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The use of electronic media has increased substantially and is already observable in young children. The present study explored associations of preschoolers&rsquo; use of electronic media with age, gender, and socio-economic status, investigated time trends, and examined reciprocal longitudinal relations between children&rsquo;s use of electronic media and their behavioral difficulties. The study participants included 527 German two- to six-year-old children whose parents had provided information on their use of electronic media and their behavioral difficulties at two time points, with approximately 12 months between baseline and follow-up. The analyses revealed that older vs. younger children, as well as children from families with a lower vs. higher socio-economic status, were more often reported to use electronic media. Furthermore, the usage of mobile phones increased significantly between 2011 and 2016. Most interestingly, baseline usage of computer/Internet predicted more emotional and conduct problems at follow-up, and baseline usage of mobile phones was associated with more conduct problems and hyperactivity or inattention at follow-up. Peer relationship problems at baseline, on the other hand, increased the likelihood of using computer/Internet and mobile phones at follow-up. The findings indicate that preschoolers&rsquo; use of electronic media, especially newer media such as computer/Internet and mobile phones, and their behavioral difficulties are mutually related over time.

Reciprocal Associations between Electronic Media Use and Behavioral Difficulties in Preschoolers