Pigment epithelium-derived factor/vascular endothelial growth factor ratio plays a crucial role in the spontaneous regression of infant hemangioma and in the therapeutic effect of propranolol

Infantile hemangioma ( IH ) is a benign tumor that is formed by aberrant angiogenesis and that undergoes spontaneous regression over time. Propranolol, the first‐line therapy for IH , inhibits angiogenesis by downregulating activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) pathway, which is hyperactivated in IH . However, this treatment is reportedly ineffective for 10% of tumors, and 19% of patients relapse after propranolol...