Physics

Internal medicine

Lymphoma

Rituximab

Astronomy

Stars

Oncology

Multiple myeloma

Cyclophosphamide

Chemotherapy

Bortezomib

Etoposide

Plasmablastic lymphoma

Aggressive lymphoma

Vincristine

Epoch (astronomy)

Medicine

British Journal of Haematology

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and aggressive CD20-negative lymphoma associated with poor outcomes. Multiple studies have shown median survival times of 12–18 months (Castillo et al, 2012; Schommers et al, 2013; Morscio et al, 2014). Several case reports and small case series have suggested an increased response rate in patients treated with bortezomib alone or in combination, especially the combination of bortezomib and dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin (V-EPOCH) (Castillo et al, 2015a; Fedele et al, 2016). Due to its rarity, prospective studies exclusively in PBL patients are unlikely to be performed. We evaluated the potential therapeutic value of V-EPOCH in patients with PBL. We retrospectively reviewed medical records at participating institutions of all patients with a diagnosis of PBL who received frontline V-EPOCH. The lymphomas were required to have plasmablastic morphology, lack CD20 expression and express one plasmacytic marker (CD38, CD138, MUM1/IRF4). This study was approved by institutional review boards at each of the participating centres. This report includes updated survival data on four previously published cases (Castillo et al, 2015a; Fedele et al, 2016). Pertinent clinical data were gathered. Pathological samples were reviewed at the respective institutions. Pathological data included expression of CD20, CD38, CD138, Ki67, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA (EBER), and MYC gene rearrangements. Response to therapy was assessed following the revised response criteria for malignant lymphoma. Overall survival (OS) was estimated as time between diagnosis and last follow-up or death. OS curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. All calculations and graphs were obtained using STATA (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Sixteen patients met the inclusion criteria; their clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1. Extranodal sites included gastrointestinal tract (n = 8), head/neck (n = 4), lung/pleura (n = 4), bone marrow (n = 3), skeletal bone (n = 3), testicles (n = 2), kidney/adrenals (n = 2), and subcutaneous tissue (n = 1). Among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, the median CD4+ count was 0·128 × 109/l (range 0·033–0·29 × 109/l). All patients were treated with a curative intent. Bortezomib was administered at 1·3 mg/m2 SQ or IV weekly or twice weekly with each cycle of EPOCH (etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin). Dose frequency/route of administration of bortezomib was per investigator's choice. Patients with advanced disease received a median of 6 cycles (range 4–6 cycles). The two patients with early stage received 4 cycles of V-EPOCH followed by 30–36 Gy of radiation therapy to the involved area. Complete response was seen in 15 patients (94%) and partial response in 1 (6%). Two patients received autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in first remission. Four patients (31%) experienced relapsed disease within 2 years of diagnosis, including one who achieved CR and underwent ASCT. Salvage therapy was provided to only one patient and included daratumumab in combination with ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) followed by ASCT. The patient achieved CR and is alive at 15 months after salvage therapy. The median follow-up was 48 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 20–61 months], and the median OS was 62 months (95% CI 17-not reached). The 5-year OS rate was 63% (95% CI 24–86%; Fig 1A). There were no deaths in the low International Prognostic Index (IPI) group, and the median OS for patients with high IPI was 53 months (95% CI 8-not reached; log-rank P = 0·10; Fig 1B). There were no deaths among patients in the HIV-positive group, and the median OS among HIV-negative patients was 53 months (95% CI 8-not reached%; P = 0·06; Fig 1C). Adverse events (Grade 3 or higher) included thrombocytopenia (n = 7), febrile neutropenia (n = 5), neuropathy (n = 3), infections (n = 2), gastrointestinal obstruction (n = 1), pleural effusions (n = 1), catheter-associated thrombosis (n = 1) and atrioventricular block (n = 1). Of the 5 deaths, 3 were due to lymphoma progression and 2 due to infections. Biologically, CD20-negative aggressive lymphomas show plasmacytic differentiation, which can be mediated by the anti-apoptotic effect of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB). Specifically, EBV-related antigens, such as LMP-1, can suppress ATF3 and also inhibit BAX inducing NF-kB activity. MYC dysregulation in PBL allows overcoming the regulatory effects of BCL6 and BLIMP-1 promoting cell cycle dysregulation (Castillo et al, 2015b). Bortezomib has been shown to inhibit NF-kB in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines (An et al, 2004). Furthermore, the combination of doxorubicin and bortezomib was synergistic for inducing PEL cell killing. In a murine xenograft model, bortezomib was associated with downregulation of cell cycle progression, DNA replication and down-regulation of MYC-target genes, resulting in longer survival of PEL-bearing mice (Sarosiek et al, 2010). EPOCH has been shown to be associated with better outcomes than cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP), especially in double hit and HIV-associated lymphomas (Barta et al, 2012; Petrich et al, 2014). Our study suggests that V-EPOCH is feasible and effective as frontline treatment in patients with PBL, and is associated with a complete response rate exceeding 90% as well as a 5-year OS rate of 65%. The patients presented here have been treated at reference centres, which can introduce selection bias. However, some of the patients were older than 60 years, had poor performance status, and many had HIV infection. Despite the encouraging results, HIV-negative and patients with high IPI scores had worse outcomes. Given the observed efficacy, prospective studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic role of V-EPOCH in PBL. However, toxicity has remained an issue with high rates of febrile neutropenia, neuropathy and infectious complications. Therefore, other potent and safe agents are needed. Agents of interest include daratumumab, anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, and agents that downregulate MYC function. Portions of this research have been submitted to the 2017 American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting in Atlanta, GA, USA. JJC designed the research and wrote the initial manuscript. JJC and TGG analysed the data. All the authors provided data, and critically read and approved the final manuscript. JJC has received consulting honoraria and/or research funding from Abbvie, Biogen, Gilead, Janssen, Millennium and Pharmacyclics. GC has received consulting honoraria and research funding from Roche, Celgene, Sanofi, BMS, Janssen and Gilead. FL has received consulting honoraria and/or research funding from Spectrum and Seattle Genetics. JTN has received research funding from CERCA, Josep Carrera International Foundation, DKMS and Celgene. JLR is an advisory board member for Teva. AJO has received research funding from Genentech and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals.

Bortezomib plus <scp>EPOCH</scp> is effective as frontline treatment in patients with plasmablastic lymphoma

Bortezomib plus EPOCH is effective as frontline treatment in patients with plasmablastic lymphoma