Further evidence of accelerated aging in bipolar disorder: Focus on GDF-15

Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and premature aging. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has emerged as a biomarker for cardiovascular risk and aging. Our aim was to compare plasma levels of GDF-15 between BD patients and controls, and to evaluate whether they were associated with clinical parameters. Methods Forty-six patients with type I BD (23 in euthymia and 23...