Surgical patch venoplasty after unsuccessful percutaneous balloon venoplasty for pacemaker lead–related superior vena cava stenosis

Key Teaching Points•Pacing leads can lead to asymptomatic superior vena cava (SVC) stenosis in up to 33%–60% of patients and symptomatic SVC stenosis in up to 1%–3% of patients. Over time, pacemaker lead–induced mechanical stress of the venous endothelium can lead to inflammation, modeling, fibrosis, and, ultimately, stenosis.•Bulging of the superficial abdominal veins, groin, and upper extremity in the setting of SVC stenosis is characteristic...