Finance

Topological defect

Psychiatry

Physics

Mathematical analysis

Psychology

Higgs boson

Economics

Gauge theory

Order (exchange)

Charge (physics)

Geometry

Fracton

Theoretical physics

Mathematics

Fractal

Ministate

Electroencephalography

Scalar (mathematics)

Quantum mechanics

Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Fractons are gapped pointlike excitations in $d=3$ topological ordered phases whose motion is constrained. They have been discovered in several gapped models but a unifying physical mechanism for generating them is still missing. It has been noticed that in symmetric-tensor $\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge theories, charges are fractons and cannot move freely due to, for example, the conservation of not only the charge but also the dipole moment. To connect these theories with fully gapped fracton models, we study Higgs and partial confinement mechanisms in rank-2 symmetric-tensor gauge theories, where charges or magnetic excitations, respectively, are condensed. Specifically, we describe two different routes from the rank-2 $\mathrm{U}(1)$ scalar charge theory to the X-cube fracton topological order, finding that a combination of Higgs and partial confinement mechanisms is necessary to obtain the fully gapped fracton model. On the other hand, the rank-2 ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ scalar charge theory, which is obtained from the former theory upon condensing charge-2 matter, is equivalent to four copies of the $d=3$ toric code and does not support fracton excitations. We also explain how the checkerboard fracton model can be viewed as a rank-2 ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ gauge theory with two different Gauss' law constraints on different lattice sites.

Fracton topological order from the Higgs and partial-confinement mechanisms of rank-two gauge theory