Geology

Climate change

Public health

Greenhouse gas

Environmental protection

Biology

Radiative forcing

Oceanography

Nursing

Economics

Natural resource economics

Ecology

Air pollution

Environmental science

Medicine

Environmental health

Nature Communications

We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur fuels in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, and health risk functions, we assess ship-related PM

Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs