Clearance of low molecular-weight uremic toxins p-cresol, creatinine, and urea from simulated serum by adsorption

In this study, five adsorbents including activated carbon (AC), three zeolites ZSM-5 with a molar ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 of 23–400, and graphene oxide (GO) were selected to investigate their abilities for the clearance of three low molecular-weight uremic toxins (p-cresol, creatinine, and urea) from simulated serum at 37 °C. The physicochemical properties of the adsorbents were characterized using the X-ray powder diffractometer and porosimeter....