Opioid misuse in gastroenterology and non-opioid management of abdominal pain

Chronic opioid use is increasing worldwide and has negative effects in the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. This Review summarizes the evidence and consequences of opioid misuse in gastroenterology, as well as alternative pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies for pain management in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Opioids were one of the earliest classes of medications used for pain across a variety of...