The evolution of production systems from Industry 2.0 through Industry 4.0

This paper discusses production systems with a focus on the relationships between product supply and customer demand in the context of Industry 2.0–4.0. One driver of production evolution is changes in customer demand over time, which is categorised into several dimensions. Major production systems – flow line, Toyota production system (TPS), job shop, cell, flexible manufacturing system and seru – have been developed and applied to supplies to...