Test anxiety effects, predictors, and correlates: A 30-year meta-analytic review

Since the 1988 publication of Hembree's seminal meta-analysis on test anxiety, much has changed in the theoretical conceptualization of test anxiety, as well as the influences on test performance. The present study examined the influence of test anxiety on a variety of educational outcomes, in addition to demographic and intrapersonal correlates. Results of 238 studies from 1988 to the present, were synthesized via a meta-analytic framework to...