Can Clinical Findings Predict Orbital Fractures and Treatment Decisions in Patients With Orbital Trauma? Derivation of a Simple Clinical Model

The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of 4 clinical signs (periorbital ecchymosis, periorbital emphysema, diplopia, and inferior orbital nerve hypoesthesia) for the diagnosis of orbital fractures (OFs) and the need for surgical treatment in patients with orbital trauma. The investigators designed and implemented a retrospective cohort study composed of patients with orbital trauma. The primary and secondary outcomes were...