Adaptive metamaterials by functionally graded 4D printing

This paper shows how fused decomposition modeling (FDM) as a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology can engineer adaptive metamaterials with performance-driven functionality built directly into materials. The tactic is based on an understanding of thermo-mechanics of shape memory polymers (SMP) and fabrication concept behind FDM as well as experiments to explore how FDM can program self-foldable metamaterials. Self-folding mechanism is...