Strategic financial management

Supply chain

Risk analysis (engineering)

Inventory control

Physics

Engineering

Philosophy

Business

Artificial intelligence

Marketing

Archaeology

Heuristic

Economic shortage

Procurement

Government (linguistics)

Resilience (materials science)

Backup

Computer science

Linguistics

Operations research

Strategic planning

Strategic sourcing

Typology

Database

History

Thermodynamics

European Journal of Operational Research

This paper reviews the literature on inventory models with multiple sourcing options and presents a typology for classification. By means of the classification, the progression of the literature (policies and modeling assumptions) is illustrated, the main decision trade-offs in multiple sourcing are identified and avenues for future research are pointed out. Multiple sourcing decision models trade off the added costs of backup sourcing against higher inventory or shortage costs under single sourcing. The value of multiple over single sourcing is found to increase in the uncertainty to be buffered, in inventory holding and shortage costs, as well as in the constraints of the primary source. The literature evolved from small, restrictive models to larger problems and more realism. Accordingly, replenishment policies progressed from optimal policies to more heuristic decision rules. Three areas for future research are suggested for moving the field forward and towards more practical applicability. (1) Further integration of model aspects such as the extension of replenishment policies to more than two suppliers and to multi-echelon models. (2) Focusing on supply chain resilience with decision making disruption events or demand spikes under consideration of risk preferences. (3) Utilizing industry data in machine learning and data-driven methodologies.

Typology and literature review on multiple supplier inventory control models