Biomimetic Assembly of Vascular Endothelial Cells and Muscle Cells in Microgrooved Collagen Porous Scaffolds

Porous scaffolds can be used to engineer three-dimensional (3D) tissues for tissue repair. Coculture of vascular endothelial cells and the cells of target tissue in porous scaffolds is promising to engineer vascularized tissue. However, it is difficult to induce regeneration of anisotropic tissues such as muscle and nerve that have well-aligned cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix (ECM) by using conventional porous scaffolds with...