Axillary nodal prognostic impact of two-dimensional tumor heterogeneity flux in breast cancer: evaluation via dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Background: Breast cancer remains to have a high mortality toll in women worldwide. Several studies indicate benefit in identifying axillary nodal involvement towards effective patient risk stratification and treatment. Tumor heterogeneity recently emerged as a key factor impacting clinical outcomes. Voxel intensity gradient (VIG), a measure of contrast amongst radiological features of heterogeneity, harbors significance in determining...