Repair of challenging non-malignant tracheo- or broncho-oesophageal fistulas by extrathoracic muscle flaps

Evaluation of complex, acquired, non-malignant tracheo/broncho-oesophageal fistulas (TEF) repaired by extrathoracic pedicled muscle flaps that were, in addition to their interposition between the airways and the gastro-intestinal tract, patched into gastro-intestinal or airway defects if primary closure seemed risky.A single institution experience of patients treated between 2003 and 2015. Twenty-two patients required TEF repair following...