Combination Approaches with Immune-Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy

In healthy individuals, immune checkpoint molecules prevent autoimmune responses and limit immune cell-mediated tissue damage. Tumors frequently exploit these molecules to evade eradication by the immune system. Over the past years, immune checkpoint blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) emerged as promising strategies to activate anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell responses. Although complete regression...