Cultivating granular sludge directly in a continuous-flow membrane bioreactor with internal circulation

This research was conducted to cultivate granular sludge directly in a continuous-flow membrane bioreactor and explore the main factors influencing the granulation process. By establishing a suitable internal hydrodynamic circulation in a membrane bioreactor, granular sludge (GS) was successfully cultivated into mature granules with a compact structure and clear shape, in which extracellular polymeric substances played an important role in...