The difficult diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease in heart failure

Pulmonary hypertension (PH), defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) ≥25 mmHg, is a well-recognised complication of left heart disease (LHD). PH prevalence is variable ranging from 25% to 80% of LHD patients according to the methods of assessment, cut-off values and characteristics of the patient population [1–3]. All aetiological types of LHD are affected, including heart failure with reduced (HFrEF) or preserved (HFpEF) left...