Renal-targeting triptolide-glucosamine conjugate exhibits lower toxicity and superior efficacy in attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion renal injury in rats

We previously reported a novel triptolide (TP)-glucosamine conjugate (TPG) that specifically accumulated in kidneys and protected renal function from acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. In this study we further examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the renoprotective action of TPG.The renal-targeting of TPG was investigated in a human proximal renal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2) by measuring cell uptake of TP or TPG....