Ginkgolic Acid Inhibits Invasion and Migration and TGF‐β‐Induced EMT of Lung Cancer Cells Through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Inactivation

Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical cellular phenomenon regulating tumor metastases. In the present study, we investigated whether ginkgolic acid can affect EMT in lung cancer cells and the related underlying mechanism(s) of its actions. We found that ginkgolic acid C15:1 (GA C15:1) inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in both A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells. GA C15:1 also suppressed the expression of EMT...