Internal and external aspects of self-handicapping reflect the distinction between motivations and behaviours: Evidence from the Self-handicapping Scale

Self-handicapping is an extensively studied phenomenon that has important educational consequences. Much of its empirical study uses the Self-handicapping Scale (SHS) to assess self-handicapping as a single construct. The current study (N = 484 university students) tests whether a multifactorial solution to the SHS is more appropriate and meaningful. Parallel analysis and exploratory factor analysis of 242 responses to the SHS suggested two...