Systemic principles of value co-creation: Synergetics of value and service ecosystems

While most investigations of value and value co-creation empirically focus on either the individual micro-level or the collective macro-level, a systemic perspective asserts that investigations at one level, in isolation from the other, are incomplete. Based on synergetics and its core principles of emergence and enslavement (consensualization), we argue that value is a systemic property (i.e. an order parameter) that emerges from micro–macro...